Health associations of various fruit forms: solid fruits, juices, and smoothies.

Abstract

The rising prevalence of non-communicable diseases (NCDs) highlights the need for refined dietary recommendations that distinguish between forms of fruit consumption. This study examines the associations between solid fruits, fruit juices, and fruit smoothies with various health outcomes. A cross-sectional survey ( N = 443) collected self-reported dietary, health, and demographic data, categorizing participants into four groups: low fruit consumers, fruit juice consumers, solid fruit consumers, and fruit smoothie consumers. Results revealed notable differences in health outcomes. The fruit smoothies group demonstrated the best overall health, with the lowest hypertension prevalence (18.60%), lowest frequency of mental health struggles (12.79%), and highest self-rated energy levels (4.51 ± 0.70). In contrast, the fruit juices group had the poorest outcomes, including the highest high cholesterol prevalence (39.18%) and lowest self-rated sleep quality (2.95 ± 0.85). Low fruit consumers had the highest cardiovascular disease rates (16.17%) and most physician visits (5.48 ± 1.01). While self-reported data and potential confounders pose limitations, findings underscore the need to differentiate fruit consumption types in dietary guidelines. Retaining fiber while enhancing nutrient bioavailability, fruit smoothies may offer unique health benefits. Future longitudinal studies are needed to establish causality and refine dietary recommendations for public health.