Gender Differences in Protein Consumption and Body Composition: The Influence of Socioeconomic Status on Dietary Choices.

Abstract

Gender differences in eating habits and protein consumption patterns are determined by cultural, socio-economic, and behavioural factors. Men tend to consume more meat, while women prefer plant-based proteins; however, the impact of these choices on body composition remains unclear. This study explores gender differences in protein consumption and the influence of socioeconomic status on dietary choices, evaluating their potential association with body composition parameters, including fat mass (FM%) and fat-free mass (FFM%). A cross-sectional study was conducted on 1708 Italian adults (721 males, 987 females). Food intake was assessed using a validated 7-day food diary. Participants were classified as non-consumers, low consumers, or high consumers according to the median intake of each protein source. Body composition was measured using bioelectrical impedance analysis. Meat and processed meat consumption was significantly higher in men ( p < 0.001), while women consumed more soy ( p = 0.0087). Individuals with high meat and processed meat consumption had a higher BMI ( p < 0.01), whereas soy consumption was associated with a lower BMI ( p = 0.0027). Socioeconomic status influenced food choices: low-income men consumed more meat and processed meat compared to higher-income groups ( p < 0.01), while differences in fish consumption were mainly observed in low-income groups. Gender differences in protein consumption persist across socioeconomic levels and are related to body composition. Meat consumption is culturally linked to masculinity, whereas plant-based proteins are more commonly consumed by women. Understanding these dietary patterns can inform targeted nutritional interventions that promote balanced and sustainable diets.