Advances in the management of osteopenia: a case series.

Abstract

Osteopenia is a pre-pathological condition characterized by reduced bone mineral density that may lead to increased fracture risk and to the onset of osteoporosis. Standard treatments for managing osteopenia include supplementation of calcium, vitamin D, and vitamin K. Interestingly, recent studies suggest D-chiro-inositol and α-lactalbumin may enhance bone health through mechanisms such as insulin sensitization and improved nutrient absorption; furthermore, D-chiro-inositol is thought to be a specific mediator of osteoclast activity by inhibiting the expression of several osteoclastogenic genes. Six Caucasian patients with osteopenia-four men and two women with an average age of about 41 years-were treated with a daily regimen of calcium (400 mg), cholecalciferol (50 μg), vitamin K2 (50 μg), D-chiro-inositol (150 mg), and α-lactalbumin (30 mg) for 2 months. Even though the results reported no significant changes in T-score value, all patients exhibited improved serum levels of vitamin D and osteocalcin, along with fluctuations in alkaline phosphatase and parathyroid hormone levels. Despite the preliminary nature of the obtained data, combined supplementation exerted positive effects on bone metabolism by influencing serum levels of both vitamin D and osteocalcin, thus suggesting enhanced bone formation. Biochemical improvements support the potential of D-chiro-inositol and α-lactalbumin, in addition to traditional supplements, as a therapeutic strategy for managing osteopenia, even though further clinical studies are needed to clarify the effects and related molecular mechanisms.